Cryptography Fundamentals

Cryptography underpins secure communication. Developers should understand symmetric vs asymmetric encryption, hashing, digital signatures, and TLS basics.

Key concepts

• Symmetric encryption — AES for confidentiality
• Asymmetric encryption — RSA/EC for key exchange and signatures
• Hashing — SHA-family for integrity checks
• Digital signatures — non-repudiation and authenticity

Use well-reviewed libraries and avoid rolling your own crypto.